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Germany has mandatory conscription (“Wehrpflicht”) for men. Women may volunteer as professional soldiers and are allowed to perform the same jobs as men. A conscientious objector may petition for permission to do “civilian service” which is usually accepted. Overall, however, during the past few years, the number of men being drafted has declined significantly.
Save for a few exceptions, basic military service (“Grundwehrdienst”) is compulsory for all men between the ages of 18 and 23 years. Those who are engaged in educational or vocational training programs prior to their military assessment are allowed to postpone service until they have completed the programs and can be called upon to perform their national duty at any time thereafter.
The “Grundwehrdienst” consists of three month basic combat training and individual training, then six month service on the assigned post. The conscripted soldier will normally reach the rank of “Obergefreiter” (NATO code OR-3 “PFC”). During his service he gets free health care, housing, food and a railway ticket. Conscripts get paid about 9 EUR per day of basic pay plus several other pays such as distance-from-home pay, additional food pay etc. An Obergefreiter (month 6-9) would receive up to 600 euro per month as “pocket-money”. That is not the case for professional (voluntary) soldiers, who receive more pay. A conscript may extend his service by up to 23 months on a voluntary basis. If he does, he receives more pay and keeps all benefits, like free food etc., but he has to agree to go on an International Mission, e.g. ISAF, if needed. Normal conscripts will not be sent abroad without their permission. They will only defend Germany at the country borders. At the end of his service, the conscript will remain a reservist up to his 45th birthday. Professional soldiers, like NCO’s and officers, remain reservists up to their 60th birthday. The reservist may be drafted for military exercises (Wehrübungen) or in case of defense (Verteidigungsfall). So the “Grundwehrdienst” is only one component of conscription.
German law provides several options for conscientious objectors to perform alternative public service instead of a weapons-based military service. The conscientious objection is normally accepted without any problem, it is no longer required to state the request before a board. You just have to “write a letter”.
* The main alternative is the aforementioned "(alternative) civilian service" (Zivildienst) lasting for nine months, in which the objector may find employment with a civilian institution that renders a public service, such as a hospital, rehabilitation center or assisted living facility for the aged. After completing his nine month, the CO will remain as a kind of "civilian reservist", because he may be drafted in case of defence to serve in a hospital, fire dept., as Mine sraper etc.
* There is also the alternative service Ersatzdienst, in which the objector is required to serve in non-combatant, state-run institutions such as the Technical Aid Corps (Technisches Hilfswerk or THW), Voluntary Fire Department or other emergency assistance and crisis management agencies. He is obligate to serve for at least seven years (on part-time basis)in one of these institutions. As long as he serves, he will not be drafted. When he completes his seven year turn, he will not be drafted for basic civilian service ("Zivildienst"), but remains available in case of defence.
* The third alternative permitted by German law is for the objector to become a foreign "development helper" (Entwicklungshelfer), which means that the person will be expected to work in a technical capacity in a recognized "developing country" for a period of not less than eighteen months. To qualify for this option, the objector has to have completed formal vocational training or an educational program that grants a recognized qualification in a marketable skill making the objector a useful asset in a developing host country. The objector is responsible for personally making all of the arrangements in order to engage in this alternative service. Many objectors who chose this option, become so engrossed in the developmental needs of such countries that they stay abroad many years longer than the legal requirement. The disproportionately high percentage of German nationals found in many international aid, conservation, medical and technical assistance organizations active in developing countries may be directly attributable to this trend.
Another provision allows the third son of a family to be completely exonerated from military service, if his older brothers participated. Of course, voluntary enrollment is always possible.
The ongoing political debate over whether the German Federal Defense Force should be converted into a purely volunteer-based, professional army raises questions about the military draft policy. Since the current process selects an ever-decreasing numbers of men from each succeeding generation, conflicting views abound regarding the effect of the selection, both in terms of the overall quality of the force and the general fairness of the system. The final decision will most likely be informed by the enhanced or even reduced roles that such a new “army” would be expected to play in German society in the years to come.
Mind that if a person gets conscripted, who has dependents (being married, having children), the military will have to pay him the full soldier’s pay and not just the pocket money for normal conscripts.