For the armament fanatics like me, this topic related to the barrel armament in service & development with the German air Force.
Rheinmetall Mg-17 calibre 7,92mm.
As we already know the stiff regulation of the Versailles treaty had a serius effect on the german guns manufacturing after WW1. With most of the early desing destroyed or captured the newly created Luftwaffe had to provide itself with new weapons, with were no related with the olders ones, a very favourable thing.
The first new desing was the rifle caliber Mg-17 wich was introduced in the biplane Fighter Arado Ar-65 in mid 30s, later it saw service in the Ar-68, He-51 and the legendary FW-190s and Bf-109s.
The weapons is adopted for fixed mountings only.Is feeded by a desintegrable metallic belt and It work for the short recoil principle: the barrel and the lock recoil soem milimeters back after the shot and then the brech became open. The Mg-17 used a mecanism called “locking slevee” wich was a interrupted threaded ring wich, it open and close the breech used the linear alternative movement. This kind of mechanic action was used in some early Rheinmetall and Solothurn desings like the MG-29 and MG-30. To increase the rate of fire the muzzle had an gas trap wich efectively turned back a portion of the bullet propelant and accelerate the lock movement.
The gun had a cyclic rate of fire of 1160 rpm, droping at nearly 1000 rpm in sincronizated mountings like the ones in the german single engine Fighters.
Twin Mg-17 over a FW-190A-1, note the side eyection chutes for the links and cases.
This MG is phneumatic triggered, it weights 12 kg, have an overall lenght of 1150 mm (600 mm barrel). Despite being designed for fighters some were used in fixed mounting in bombers and attack planes like the He-111 and Ju-88. this was used as a defensive device, even it was more a psicological weapon.
"Scary mounting" fixed Mg-17 in the He-111 s tail.
Nose layout in a Me-110, 4 x Mg-17:
Rheinmetall MG-15, flexible gun.
Having already a fixed 8mm machinegun, the technics in the newly created Rheinmetall-Borsig sought a flexible Mg with similar characteristics.
( Borsig was a very qualificated metallurgic plant wich merge his facilities with the steel and weapons gigant Rheinmetall in 1936).
The new Mg-15 used the same recoil principle of the earlier Mg-17 but with simplificated construction. it was also lighter with 7,3 kg in weight ( unloaded). The barrel was 595mm long, the overall length 1100 mm. The smaller muzzle gas trap means that the cliclic rate disminished a little, roughly 1000 rpm.
Mg-15 and “saddle magazine”
One bad characteristics of this weapon is the feed mechanisn…completely unable to handle the metallic belt…in full automatic fire the gunner had to change the 75 round magazine after 4,7 seconds.
Inner squematic showing the recoilling barrel, chamber and the powerful counter recoil spring.
Mg-15 in Fw-189.
Some Mg-15s were converted in ground light machineguns, using a Mg-34 tripod and a metallic shoulder stock, most of these were used for the Fallschirms, Luftwaffe ground units. a smaller numbers reached the Heer.
Converted Mg-15 in use with Afrika Korps.
Interesting info and great pics Panzerknacker.
The “stinger” in the He111’s tail has always interested me.
Anymore info would be appreciated.
Thanx.
Nice, as you might know is quiet larget topic any help will be preciated.
Mauser MG 81.
The effectiveness of a rifle caliber machinegun has been always marginal. To increase the chances to bring down ( or at list seriously damage it) an aircraft with this small weapons a high rate of fire is needed, that ad an sumatory effect of multiple the hits.
Mg 81Z in FW-189A-2.
The german response for this was the Mg 81. This Mauser desing used a short recoil mechanism based on the MG 34 s one. The system was more simple than the Rheinmetall weapons , the barrel and bolt go backward just 5mm after shooting, and the unlock begans, the breech was open and closed for means of an rotating bolt head. This locking was a very fast one. The gun was provided with a muzzle trap with help the recoil forces, the barrel was considerabely shortened to made the ciclic operation faster thus increasing even more the rate of fire. The charging mechanism was manual.
MG 81 inner squematic, note the muzzle gas trap and the powerful spring.
As result of all this the MG 81 could reach the 1500-1600 rounds per minute according to the ammo used. The rate of fire was considerable in a single but most of the manufactured Mg-81 were used a the double weapon MG 81Z ( Z= zwilling= twin). In this 2 MG 81 were coupled in a single trigger. That provide a weapon wich can shoot well over 3000 rpm.
Another serious advantage over the Mg-15 was his feed system, a desintegrable metallic belt. Ussually a 1000 round link was used per gun tube. The MG-81 was used in several tipes of bombing and recce aircraft like the Ju-87D, Ju-88, He-177, Ju-188. Ar-196, Fw-200 etc.
Armored turret KS-81K in Ju-87D-3.
MG-81J single barrel in Ju-88A-4.
The Ju-87D and the attack variants of the FW-190 could mount a WB-81Z below the wing to engage enemy infantry , this contain 3 MG-81z tilted down 32 degrees so the aircraft shoot downwards even in level flight, this layout unleash a rate of more than 6000 rpm… ¡¡¡ quite a Minigun.
WB-81Z
A more weird weapon was the Mg-81 converted for ground role. Is not clear if the huge rate of fire was reduced to this, is know that several were put on servise with the Luftwaffe Ground Units.
MG-81 characteristics (single barrel):
Calibre : 7,92x57 mm
Weight: 6,3 Kg.
Barrel lenght: 47 cm.
Overall Lenght: 94,5 cm.
Clclic rate of Fire: 1500-1600 dpm
Muzzle speed: 810-850 m/s.
The 7,92x57 mm ammo. Part 1
Teorically the family of 8mm caliber MGs were capable of shoot every tipe of cartrigde with the exception of the reduced charge Nahpatrone.
However a special ammo was creted for aerials weapons, that was the Vervesserte (improved) cartrigdes o “V” patronen.
The V cartrigdes were provided with 15 % more powder charge, that aumented the muzzle speed well over 800 m/s shortening the flight time to target. The increades pressure also help to move the heavier recoil spring compared with ground weapons.
The selected proyectiles to be used was: P.m.K ( Phosphor with steel core, an API bullet) S.m.K (Pointed with steel core, AP bullet) and the complicated “B” patrone ( Beobachtung= observation ,an explosive incendiary round) this B bullet detonated on impact and was an alternative to the tracer.
B-patrone bullet before and after impact.
All this cartrigeds can be combined with day (L-spur) or Night (Glimmspur = Glowing) tracers.
Below a table of the cartrigdes used and his Muzzle speed:
7,92 mm x 57 ammunition, part 2:
Bullet markings for the high pressure V ammo:
The armor piercing round penetrate 10 mm steel plate at 100 meters in a 90 degrees angle.
This cartrigdes were told to not be used in the standar infantry weapons, nevertheless some soldier of the Luftwaffe do it , the strong K-98 action withstand the V bullets without any trouble.
Great info.
Rheinmetall Borsig MG-131 part 1:
Following a direct order from Göring staff, the Rheinmetall firm was again in charge to develop a new weapon, this time a medium calibre MG. The work began in 1935 but made little progress until early 1939 when the the german technicians finished this 13 mm gun.
This was a belt feed, air cooled, it weights 17,5 kg and shoot at 930 rpm (non-sincronizated). The feeding system was interchangeable for left or right feed with only minor parts changing.
This weapon also used the short recoil mechanism , the barrel actually go back some 19 milimeters and then the bolts lock is disengaged. As in the MG 17 a gas trap aided the recoiling part in order to improve the rate of fire. This mechanism of recoil plus a locking sleeve was patented by Louis Stange in 1933 and slightly changed for the use in this caliber.
MG-131 for flexible mountings.
This machinegun deploys a very compact desing with his barrel just 593 mm in lenght and a light weight considering his half inch caliber, however that prerrogatives brings some limitations, the cartrigde case was short compared with those used in the U.S Browning M2 .50 or the Russian Berezin UB de 12,7x108mm.
Nevertheless it was a more reliable weapon than the earliers and it had a higher rate of fire. This Mg was first introduced in limited numbers in November 1940. The fisrt aircraft in wich saw some service was the bomber Do-217E , it carry a cuple of flexible guns one in a ventral turret and other in a powered dorsal turret.
In the fighters was introduced firts in the Bf-109G-5 and the Fw-190A-7. Originally the Fw-190A was designed to carry a Mg-131 in each wingroots, it was tested in some prototipes but none A series carry this armament being replaced by a MG-17 and then for a heavier Mg-151/20 cannon.
Mg-131 in Fw-190V5 wingroot.
That gun was put ion service in great scale in 1941, replacing and complementing the 8 mm Mgs in aircraft such Fw-200, Ju-88, Ju-90. Ju-290, Ju-52. etc.
The “eyes”, double Mg-131 mounting behind armored glass in the rear Ju-88A-4 cockpit.
MG-131, part 2, use in fighter aircrafts:
The Bf-109 and Fw-190 emplacementes of this gun were both designed to shoot trought the airscrew, because that a synchronization device was needed.
MG 131 for synchronizated mountings.
In this form the gun was pneumatically trigered, when shooting trough the 3 blade propellers the rate of fire decreased comparatively little, about 800-810 rpm. That gave a sort of consolation price for the jagdfliegers due the concentrated cone of fire provided.
The earliest fighters in use was a couple of Bf-109F “Spezial” owned for Adolph Galland. Following Galland request (always unhappy with the reduced armament in the Ferdinand) those Messerschmitt had an factory convertion of two nose MG 131s with 200 rounds instead the normal 7,92 mm weapons. One of this F-2 was destroyed after a difficult combat with Spitfires.
External view in Gallands s F-2/U emplacement.
Funily enough this improvisated layout was far more streamlined of those used later in 1943 for the G-5/G-6/G-14, those large rounded fairings made sometimes the the german pilots nicknamed that Messers with the word “Beulens” (Boilers). I have seen some sources (specially websites) that claim the BF-109G-1 tropen as the first Gustav to use the 13 mm guns…nothing far from the truth, it was the presurizated G-5. The Luftwaffe guns were all electrically detonated there was however a percusion weapon for the ground combat role.
Loading the 131 in a FW-190A-7.
The heavy fighter Me-210 used acouple of MG-131 in a very complicated remote controled barbettes, the guns elevated and depressed his cannon togheter but could be aimed to the sides individually.
Remore turret in an Hungarian Me-210.
The Me-210 failed miserably in his intended use… the replacement for the Me-110, nevertheless it serve to develop the powerful Me-410 . It was this kind of armament wich shoot down James M. Morris a P-38 lighthing Ace of the 8th Air Force in 1944.
Morris was in pursuit of a Me-410 but fell to the “Hornisse” defensive MG 131s.
MG 131 part 3, bomber powered turrets:
Remote controled twin turret in He-177.
FDL-131
Single barrel mounting.
Electric powered turret EDL 131 in FW-200. Note the armor piercing (black) and HE ( yellow) rounds in belt.
You will find a lot of information about WW2 aircraft guns HERE. There are also various other articles about aircraft armament on my site.
I notice you have the photo of the intact + exploded B-Patrone from my book, Flying Guns – World War 2: Development of Aircraft Guns, Ammunition and Installations 1933-45. It is always a good idea to credit sources!
Tony Williams: Military gun and ammunition website and discussion forum
Very resourceful info Panzerknacker.
My dear Tony, you dont need to remember me about your site, I am familiar with that, I even send you some information about the vickers 25,4 mm guns some year ago ( with no answer unfortunately) I also participate in your forum with the nick “Panzernik”.
The picture of the exploded round i ve extracted from sample page in the fighter gun website several months ago, is not scanned from you book because I dont have it, regretably is not available for my locals credit cards.
I am always triying to quote the sources , in this topic being so may I will pretend to post those when the topic is complete.
If you are interested here are some of that:
“The machine gun Vol I, II & III James M. Chinn”
http://www.elgrancapitan.org/foro/index.php
www.tecnicamilitar-fateback.com
Bf-109 in action part II- Squadron signal.
FW-189 in action- Squadron signal
Ju-88 in action part I and II- Squadron signal.
And off course Rapid Fire.
If you can add or correct something in this topic I will enormously preciated.
[SIZE=3]Left profile of a Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-2/U, piloted by famous commander of JG 26 “Schlageter”, Colonel Adolf Galland. St. Omer airfield, France, spring 1941.[/SIZE]
Thanks for your response. I have found that legitimate emails sometimes do not reach me, which is a pity considering that so much spam does!
The “aircraft” section of my website contains many articles which I am sure those interested in armament will enjoy. In conjunction with Emmanuel Gustin’s website HERE they will provide a very good idea of the subject.
Tony Williams: Military gun and ammunition website and discussion forum
Ikaria MG FF 20 mm.
The first cannon in use with the newly created Luftwaffe. This design derivated from the WW1 Becker gun, this was copied and manufactures for the swiss SEMAG (Oerlikon) factory in the interwar years as the FF-F ( FF means flugel felst = wing mounting) .
The Berlin based firm Ikaria adquire the license for his manufacturing in ealy 1930s. Not very satisfied with the performance of the swiss gun some modifications were introduced to increase the muzzle velocity and the rate of fire.
The gun mechanism was very simple, a cylindrical spring move the bolt forward feed the round and having a fixed firing pin it shoots the cartridge just being rammed in the chamber. The only opposed force to the powder blast is only the mass inertia of the moving parts until the recoil forces overcome it and the extraction began. This is know as blow-back operation system or (more technically) “advanced primer ignition”.
The simple blow-back mechanism in MG-FF.
The gun saw service experimentally in the Bf-109C and D, but only was broadly introduced in the BF-109E-3, also was part of the weaponry in the FW-190 (outer wings) until replaced with the more modern MG-151.
MG-FF continue…:
The ME-110 fighter carry 2 of these below the nose and some variants also had two in the rear cockpit as “Schrage musik” anti bomber guns.
Also was used in several bombers as an defensive armament.
Fixed MG FF in Ju-88A-14.
The MG FF weights 27 kg, had a rate of fire of 520 rpm, an overall length of 1260 mm and was feed by a 60 rounds drum magazine.
MG-FF/M variant:
The MG-FF/M was the gun prepared to shoot the special Minengesschos , this was a very thin walled explosive round wich higher capacity of explosive filling than the older models. However this 92 grams bullet had not enough recoil to feed the gun properly so a lighter cylindrical spring was needed. In order to armonisate all this the FF/M was introduced in 1940 with the Bf-109E-4 togheter with a new family of ammunition, wich ( to the headache of the ground crews) was not interchangeable with the FF ammo. The gun had a slightly improved rate of fire, about 540 rpm.
Gun armonization in Bf-109E-7 in the desert (a couple of FF/M cannons)
In outer wing Fw-190A-3.
