Firefly, certainly it’s not correct wold “gave”
exuse me for the translation ( again alta-vista joking …)
Certainly USA not gave the wearpon , but very much helped in it’s creation in Pakistan…
http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=32&ItemID=4995
…Pakistan could not have emerged as a nuclear power without decades-long assistance and acquiescence by the US government. During the Cold War, Washington sought to cultivate the Pakistani military as a counter to the Soviet Union’s friendly relations with India. Under the ``Atoms for Peace’‘ program, Washington trained scores of Pakistan’s nuclear scientists from 1956 until 1972. In 1962, the US gave the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) its first research reactor and supplies of nuclear fuel rods.
Despite a US law passed in 1976 (the ``Symington amendment’‘) that required the US to suspend economic and military aid to non-signatories of the Nuclear Non-proliferation that engage in uranium enrichment, Washington did not respond to the mounting evidence of Pakistan’s nuclear program. It was not until the dying days of US President Jimmy Carter’s presidency, on April 6, 1979, that US aid to Pakistan, worth $85 million, was finally halted.
However, this half-hearted concern at Pakistan’s nuclear shenanigans was short-lived. Following the Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan in December 1979, Carter offered Pakistan resumed economic and military of $400 million. Islamabad held out for more.
In June 1981, President Ronald Reagan announced an agreement to provide Pakistan with $3.2 billion in economic and military aid over the next six years. In December 1981, Congress approved the aid package and granted Pakistan a six-year exemption from Symington amendment sanctions.
Billions more in covert assistance from the CIA, Britain, Saudi Arabia and other sources flooded into the Pakistani military’s coffers in the 1980s. The Pakistan ISI took charge of funneling arms and money to the feuding gangs that made up the reactionary mujaheddin fighting to overthrow Afghanistan’s Soviet-backed, left-wing government. For Washington, defeating the Afghan ``communists’ and their Soviet backers was far more important than stemming Pakistan’s nuclear ambitions.
In July 1985, Congress passed another $4 billion six-year aid package for Pakistan, but also passed the Pressler amendment'‘, which required the US president to certify each year that Pakistan does not possess a nuclear device’‘ and was not involved in nuclear smuggling before the aid could be delivered.
Unfazed, Reagan certified Pakistan’s compliance in 1986 despite the fact that, according to the November 4, 1986, Washington Post, US intelligence reports and non-proliferation experts had concluded that Pakistan was between two weeks and ``two screwdriver turns from having a fully assembled bomb’‘.
In 1987, Congress approved another $480 million in aid for Pakistan and extended the Symington amendment exemption for another two and half years.
Despite overwhelming evidence, including public boasts by Pakistani politicians and scientists, that Pakistan had a nuclear bomb, Reagan and his successor, President George Bush senior, certified Pakistan to be free of nukes every year until 1990 (the Soviet Union had withdrawn its troops from Afghanistan in early 1989). In October 1990, Washington halted economic and military aid to Islamabad, worth $564 million, and froze government arms sales.
However, the damage had been done. It was too late to put Pakistan’s nuclear genie back into its bottle. As US senator John Glenn, one of the sponsors of the Symington amendment, observed in the June 26, 1992, International Herald Tribune: ``Nine years of US assistance had helped Pakistan release funds for its nuclear weapons program and given it the means for delivering the weapons.’‘
In 1995, the US Congress waived the Pressler amendment provisions for one year to allow the delivery of $368 million worth of non-strategic military equipment'‘ as part of a resumption of counterterrorism’‘ military training.
Under the US Arms Export Control Act, President Bill Clinton was supposed to impose military and economic sanctions on both Pakistan and India following their May 1998 nuclear tests. However, fearing that US agribusiness and other economic interests would be disadvantaged, a month after the tests Congress granted both countries an exemption from sanctions for one year. Days later, the president was given additional authority to waive sanctions for a year at a time.
Clinton swiftly restored funding for military training and commercial credit programs to both countries. He also gave the green light to renewed International Monetary Fund loans to both countries. Clinton also gave permission for Islamabad to be paid US$325 million in cash and US$140 million in goods as compensation for 28 F-16 aircraft that Pakistan had partly paid for but were never delivered due to the 1990 sanctions.
Following Musharraf’s coup, Washington briefly imposed tepid new sanctions. However, these (as well as all sanctions against India) were waived two weeks after the September 11, 2001, attacks in the US as President Bush junior moved quickly to enlist both countries as close allies in his ``war on terror’‘. In a replay of its dealings with General Zia, Washington chose to place its strategic alliance with Musharraf’s regime above the need to rein in the Pakistani nuclear rogue state
besides od US another nations helped for pakistan to crete the nuclear bomb:
Canada AES - plant for the production of “heavy water”.
France AES- technology on processing of plutonium.
C.P.R. (CHINESE PEOPLES’ REPUBLIC AES) - plant for the enrichment of uranium, plant for the production of “heavy water”, the project 25 kt of nuclear device, 5000 magnetic rings for the gas centrifuges.
Switzerland - the project of plant for the enrichment of uranium, 13- inch steel spheres and steel lobes for the production of nuclear device.
THE FRG( western germany) - vacuum pumps and equipment for the gas centrifuges (firm Leybold Heraeus Hanan), the technology of cleaning plutonium by gas tritium, gas is tritium.
Great Britain - 30 high-frequency inverters for control of the speeds of centrifuge.
USA - research reactor, diagnostic and scientific equipment, oscillographs and the computers.
Also there are the facts that Israel supplied to the Myshafar’s bomb the materials and tehnology
American law court recognized the former Israeli Ashera Karani as the guilty of sale of technologies and components, utilized with the production of weapon of mass-destruction to Pakistan. Thus far for a similar crime there were osuzhden another Israeli businessman, Nakhum Manbar, which sold to Iran the chemicals, utilized with the production of chemical weaponry. He was sentenced by Israeli law court to 16 years of the imprisonment. One additional businessman, Moshe Regev, also suspected of the participation to sale of chemicals into Iran, he so not was returned under the law court, but him they introduced into the “black list”, published by the White House during November 1994.
10 april 2005
