Have you seen photos of the tiles after it gets back? Generally they’re all still there but some have deep scratches in them. It isn’t usually a case of them falling off but of mechanical damage to the tiles themselves. What it looks like is pretty irrelevant.
In any case, that’s something of a strawman (be it intentional or not) because IIRC the fatal damage was to the leading edge of the wing, which isn’t protected by ceramic tiles!
Two problems with that:
- NASA took a look at the problem and as far as they could tell it wasn’t dangerous.
- IIRC, the space shuttle didn’t have sufficient fuel to reach the orbit of the ISS. AIUI they had insufficient oxygen to wait for NASA to get another shuttle ready as a lifeboat, so literally the only way was down.
You’ve still got the intrinsic problems with throw weight, not to mention the fact that you’re still a rocket. The shuttle is in many ways an anachronism, a throwback to the days before people invented staging in rockets.